1 Introduction

This document describes each of the individual constituent measures that constitute each of the domains of the Ohio Children’s Opportunity Index (OCOI). The following section describes the data you will find in this appendix.

2 Helpful information for interpreting this document

The data section of this appendix includes four different tabs of information, which are explained in the following subsections, for each domain. An additional tab (“all domains”) is included to bring all measures together to examine between-domain correlations and to consolidate descriptions, time-period availability, and source into one single table.

2.1 Univariate description

The univariate analyses consist of a table with one row per constituent measure. Each row contains

the variable name written as x_y where x is a short name for the domain (e.g., “fs_” represents family stability) and y is the variable name
an English description of the variable
a quantitative summary of the distribution
a count of the number of distinct values (very small values could be problematic)
a histogram of the distribution
a count (and percentage) of tracts with a missing value

Note: variables with the "_flip" suffix were reversed so that higher values on all measures are indicative of more deprivation (less opportunity) with respect to the conceptual meaning of the measure.

2.2 Correlation heatmap

The heatmap is just like a correlation matrix, except the sign of the correlation is represented by a color (blue or red) and the magnitude of the correlation is represented by the saturation of the color instead of a number. Each colored box in the heatmap represents the correlation between the row and column variables it connects in the grid Increasingly saturated (dark) blues represent increasingly negative correlations while increasingly saturated reds represent more positive correlations. A zero correlation is indicated by pure white. Measures that hang together are connected by moderate to dark red colors. Measures that do not hang together or are inverses of one another are white or blue, respectively.

The dendrogram around the heatmap represents the results of a hierarchical clustering algorithm, which attempts to group variables according to their similarity, which equates to grouping of positively correlated variables.

2.3 Choropleth maps

Every measure within each domain is plotted as a choropleth of Ohio to visualize the geographic distribution of the measure. The colors range from a navy blue—indicating a low value for the variable in a tract—to a bright yellow—indicating a relatively high value in a tract. All variables are defined such that high values imply more deprivation with respect to the variable in question (bright areas are low-opportunity areas).

**: very high deprivation
**: high deprivation
**: moderate deprivation
**: low deprivation

The value associated with areas shaded in bright red is missing or unknown.

The choropleths are visually enhanced by Winsorizing variables before they are plotted. Winsorizing sets extreme values > 97.5th percentile to the value of the 97.5th percentile, or those < the 2.5th percentile to the value of the 2.5th percentile. This technique supports visualization by minimizing the degree to which large outliers define the scale of the variable so much that the plot appears to have one bright tract while the rest apear to have uniformly low values (dark).

2.4 Time period availability of measures

The most current version of the OCOI contans 53 measures. However, not all are available for the prior time period. A table is presented for each domain to indicate which measures are available at which time periods. The indicators are

green = already incorporated
orange = pending (seeking data, or coding measures)
red = not available

The table also includes a brief description of the source of each constituent measure.

3 Analysis of each domain

3.1 Family Stability

3.1.1 Univariate description

Variable	Label	Stats / Values	Freqs (% of Valid)	Missing
fs_idx_lmei_flip [integer]	Labor Market Engagement Index (HUD): composite of employment level labor force participation, and higher education (reversed)	Mean (sd) : 44.99 (28.92) min < med < max: 0 < 44 < 99 IQR (CV) : 48 (0.64)	100 distinct values	3 (0.102%)
fs_prp_ChdrnPov [numeric]	Proportion of children living in a household with below-poverty income	Mean (sd) : 0.24 (0.21) min < med < max: 0 < 0.18 < 1 IQR (CV) : 0.29 (0.88)	2713 distinct values	20 (0.678%)
fs_prp_NoPat [numeric]	No paternal involvement: Proportion of births that include no father’s first/middle/last name	Mean (sd) : 0.18 (0.16) min < med < max: 0 < 0.12 < 1 IQR (CV) : 0.17 (0.89)	2311 distinct values	10 (0.339%)
fs_prp_parentsmi [numeric]	proportion of parents enrolled in Medicaid with a primary SMI diagnosis	Mean (sd) : 0.08 (0.03) min < med < max: 0 < 0.08 < 0.27 IQR (CV) : 0.03 (0.31)	2763 distinct values	9 (0.305%)
fs_prp_ParentSUD [numeric]	Proportion of families with a parent served by Medicaid who has an SUD diagnosis	Mean (sd) : 0.06 (0.03) min < med < max: 0 < 0.06 < 0.43 IQR (CV) : 0.03 (0.43)	2745 distinct values	9 (0.305%)

3.1.2 Correlation heatmap

3.1.3 Choropleth maps

3.1.3.1 fs_idx_lmei_flip

3.1.3.2 fs_prp_ChdrnPov

3.1.3.3 fs_prp_NoPat

3.1.3.4 fs_prp_parentsmi

3.1.3.5 fs_prp_ParentSUD

3.1.4 Time period availability of measures

variable	description	2010-2014	2013-2017	source
fs_prp_parentsmi	proportion of parents enrolled in Medicaid with a primary SMI diagnosis	**	**	Medicaid admin.
fs_prp_ChdrnPov	Proportion of children living in a household with below-poverty income	**	**	ACS
fs_prp_NoPat	No paternal involvement: Proportion of births that include no father’s first/middle/last name	**	**	VS Births
fs_prp_ParentSUD	Proportion of families with a parent served by Medicaid who has an SUD diagnosis	**	**	Medicaid admin.
fs_idx_lmei_flip	Labor Market Engagement Index (HUD): composite of employment level labor force participation, and higher education (reversed)	**	**	HUD

3.2 Infant Health

3.2.1 Univariate description

Variable	Label	Stats / Values	Freqs (% of Valid)	Missing
hl.inf_prp_im [numeric]	Proportion of births that resulted in an infant mortality	Mean (sd) : 0.01 (0.01) min < med < max: 0 < 0 < 0.33 IQR (CV) : 0.01 (1.49)	766 distinct values	10 (0.339%)
hl.inf_prp_injury [numeric]	Proportion of Medicaid infants who had an injury or poisoning in the first year of life	Mean (sd) : 0.15 (0.05) min < med < max: 0 < 0.15 < 0.5 IQR (CV) : 0.05 (0.31)	1360 distinct values	14 (0.474%)
hl.inf_prp_nas [numeric]	Medicaid-enrolled infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome	Mean (sd) : 0.05 (0.05) min < med < max: 0 < 0.04 < 0.67 IQR (CV) : 0.06 (0.93)	854 distinct values	15 (0.508%)
hl.inf_prp_nicu [numeric]	Medicaid-enrolled infants with NICU stay	Mean (sd) : 0.11 (0.06) min < med < max: 0 < 0.11 < 1 IQR (CV) : 0.07 (0.55)	961 distinct values	15 (0.508%)
hl.inf_prp_ptb [numeric]	Proportion of infants born preterm	Mean (sd) : 0.1 (0.04) min < med < max: 0 < 0.1 < 0.5 IQR (CV) : 0.04 (0.36)	1857 distinct values	10 (0.339%)
hl.inf_prp_w15_sixplus_flip [numeric]	Proportion of Medicaid children meeting continuous enrollment criteria with six or more well-child visits with a PCP in first 15 months of life (reversed)	Mean (sd) : 0.54 (0.13) min < med < max: 0 < 0.54 < 1 IQR (CV) : 0.16 (0.23)	1222 distinct values	21 (0.711%)
hl.inf_prp_wrasmm [numeric]	Proportion of infants born to Medicaid-enrolled women with severe maternal morbidity	Mean (sd) : 0.04 (0.03) min < med < max: 0 < 0.04 < 1 IQR (CV) : 0.03 (0.86)	885 distinct values	15 (0.508%)

3.2.2 Correlation heatmap

3.2.3 Choropleth maps

3.2.3.1 hl.inf_prp_im

3.2.3.2 hl.inf_prp_injury

3.2.3.3 hl.inf_prp_nas

3.2.3.4 hl.inf_prp_nicu

3.2.3.5 hl.inf_prp_ptb

3.2.3.6 hl.inf_prp_w15_sixplus_flip

3.2.3.7 hl.inf_prp_wrasmm

3.2.4 Time period availability of measures

variable	description	2010-2014	2013-2017	source
hl.inf_prp_w15_sixplus_flip	Proportion of Medicaid children meeting continuous enrollment criteria with six or more well-child visits with a PCP in first 15 months of life (reversed)	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.inf_prp_im	Proportion of births that resulted in an infant mortality	**	**	VS Births, Deaths
hl.inf_prp_nas	Medicaid-enrolled infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.inf_prp_nicu	Medicaid-enrolled infants with NICU stay	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.inf_prp_ptb	Proportion of infants born preterm	**	**	VS Births
hl.inf_prp_wrasmm	Proportion of infants born to Medicaid-enrolled women with severe maternal morbidity	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.inf_prp_injury	Proportion of Medicaid infants who had an injury or poisoning in the first year of life	**	**	Medicaid admin.

3.3 Children’s Health (non-infant)

3.3.1 Univariate description

Variable	Label	Stats / Values	Freqs (% of Valid)	Missing
hl.1to5_prp_ddelay [numeric]	Proportion of Medicaid-enrolled children ages 1-5 with a diagnosis of developmental delay including sight and hearing impairment	Mean (sd) : 0.28 (0.04) min < med < max: 0 < 0.27 < 0.63 IQR (CV) : 0.05 (0.15)	2653 distinct values	12 (0.407%)
hl.1to5_prp_w34_flip [numeric]	Proportion of Medicaid children age 3-6 meeting continuous enrollment criteria with one or more well-child visits with a PCP (reversed)	Mean (sd) : 0.42 (0.08) min < med < max: 0 < 0.41 < 1 IQR (CV) : 0.1 (0.2)	2086 distinct values	17 (0.576%)
hl.6to17_prp_asthma [numeric]	Proportion of Medicaid-enrolled children ages 6-17 with a diagnosis of asthma	Mean (sd) : 0.1 (0.03) min < med < max: 0 < 0.09 < 0.5 IQR (CV) : 0.04 (0.34)	2804 distinct values	11 (0.373%)
hl.6to17_prp_childsmi [numeric]	Proportion of Medicaid-enrolled children ages 6-17 with a diagnosis of mental illness	Mean (sd) : 0.09 (0.03) min < med < max: 0 < 0.09 < 0.4 IQR (CV) : 0.03 (0.34)	2667 distinct values	13 (0.44%)
hl.6to17_prp_ddisab [numeric]	Proportion of Medicaid enrolled children ages 6-17 with a diagnosis of a developmental disability	Mean (sd) : 0.08 (0.03) min < med < max: 0 < 0.08 < 0.75 IQR (CV) : 0.03 (0.4)	2811 distinct values	11 (0.373%)
hl.6to17_prp_diabetes [numeric]	Proportion of Medicaid enrolled children ages 6-17 with a diagnosis of diabetes	Mean (sd) : 0.01 (0.01) min < med < max: 0 < 0.01 < 0.17 IQR (CV) : 0.01 (0.89)	2368 distinct values	11 (0.373%)
hl.6to17_prp_obese [numeric]	Proportion of Medicaid-enrolled children ages 6-17 with a diagnosis of obesity	Mean (sd) : 0.04 (0.02) min < med < max: 0 < 0.04 < 0.2 IQR (CV) : 0.03 (0.61)	1853 distinct values	16 (0.542%)
hl.6to17_prp_psychrx [numeric]	Proportion of Medicaid enrolled children ages 6-17 who received psychotropic BH medication	Mean (sd) : 0.16 (0.05) min < med < max: 0 < 0.16 < 1 IQR (CV) : 0.05 (0.29)	2848 distinct values	11 (0.373%)

3.3.2 Correlation heatmap

3.3.3 Choropleth maps

3.3.3.1 hl.1to5_prp_ddelay

3.3.3.2 hl.1to5_prp_w34_flip

3.3.3.3 hl.6to17_prp_asthma

3.3.3.4 hl.6to17_prp_childsmi

3.3.3.5 hl.6to17_prp_ddisab

3.3.3.6 hl.6to17_prp_diabetes

3.3.3.7 hl.6to17_prp_obese

3.3.3.8 hl.6to17_prp_psychrx

3.3.4 Time period availability of measures

variable	description	2010-2014	2013-2017	source
hl.1to5_prp_ddelay	Proportion of Medicaid-enrolled children ages 1-5 with a diagnosis of developmental delay including sight and hearing impairment	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.1to5_prp_w34_flip	Proportion of Medicaid children age 3-6 meeting continuous enrollment criteria with one or more well-child visits with a PCP (reversed)	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.6to17_prp_asthma	Proportion of Medicaid-enrolled children ages 6-17 with a diagnosis of asthma	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.6to17_prp_childsmi	Proportion of Medicaid-enrolled children ages 6-17 with a diagnosis of mental illness	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.6to17_prp_obese	Proportion of Medicaid-enrolled children ages 6-17 with a diagnosis of obesity	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.6to17_prp_ddisab	Proportion of Medicaid enrolled children ages 6-17 with a diagnosis of a developmental disability	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.6to17_prp_diabetes	Proportion of Medicaid enrolled children ages 6-17 with a diagnosis of diabetes	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.6to17_prp_psychrx	Proportion of Medicaid enrolled children ages 6-17 who received psychotropic BH medication	**	**	Medicaid admin.

3.4 Access

3.4.1 Univariate description

Variable	Label	Stats / Values	Freqs (% of Valid)	Missing
ac_idx_ltci_flip [integer]	Low Transportation Cost Index: transportation expenses for a 3-person single-parent family with income at 50% of the median income for renters in the region (reversed)	Mean (sd) : 41.96 (21.2) min < med < max: 0 < 41 < 99 IQR (CV) : 33 (0.51)	95 distinct values	3 (0.102%)
ac_pct_farsupermarket [numeric]	% tract population who are >1mi (urban tracts) or >10mi (non-urban tracts) from the nearest supermarket	Mean (sd) : 7.49 (12.76) min < med < max: 0 < 1.07 < 91.92 IQR (CV) : 9.71 (1.7)	1757 distinct values	9 (0.305%)
ac_pct_novehicle [numeric]	% occupied housing units in tract without a vehicle	Mean (sd) : 9.77 (10.52) min < med < max: 0 < 6.05 < 71.37 IQR (CV) : 9.54 (1.08)	2886 distinct values	12 (0.407%)
ac_prp_BHTDrive.STD.CMS_flip [numeric]	The percent of all Medicaid behavioral health visits For children that meet the access standards (driving time, driving distance) of CMS (reversed)	Mean (sd) : 0.44 (0.3) min < med < max: 0 < 0.39 < 1 IQR (CV) : 0.53 (0.69)	2424 distinct values	19 (0.644%)
ac_prp_PCPDrive.STD.CMS_flip [numeric]	The percent of all Medicaid primary care visits For children that meet the access standards (driving time, driving distance) of CMS (reversed)	Mean (sd) : 0.57 (0.23) min < med < max: 0 < 0.56 < 1 IQR (CV) : 0.41 (0.41)	2496 distinct values	11 (0.373%)
ac_z_geoiso [numeric]	geographic isolation (rurality) of the Census tract	Mean (sd) : 0.06 (0.64) min < med < max: -1.17 < -0.12 < 2.36 IQR (CV) : 0.74 (11.27)	2952 distinct values	0 (0%)
ac_z_SchoolDist [numeric]	Standardized distance to nearest elementary school	Mean (sd) : 0 (1) min < med < max: -6.25 < 0.38 < 0.88 IQR (CV) : 0.79 (210571309339.56)	2948 distinct values	4 (0.136%)

3.4.2 Correlation heatmap

3.4.3 Choropleth maps

3.4.3.1 ac_idx_ltci_flip

3.4.3.2 ac_pct_farsupermarket

3.4.3.3 ac_pct_novehicle

3.4.3.4 ac_prp_BHTDrive.STD.CMS_flip

3.4.3.5 ac_prp_PCPDrive.STD.CMS_flip

3.4.3.6 ac_z_geoiso

3.4.3.7 ac_z_SchoolDist

3.4.4 Time period availability of measures

variable	description	2010-2014	2013-2017	source
ac_idx_ltci_flip	Low Transportation Cost Index: transportation expenses for a 3-person single-parent family with income at 50% of the median income for renters in the region (reversed)	**	**	HUD
ac_pct_farsupermarket	% tract population who are >1mi (urban tracts) or >10mi (non-urban tracts) from the nearest supermarket	**	**	USDA-ERS
ac_pct_novehicle	% occupied housing units in tract without a vehicle	**	**	ACS
ac_z_geoiso	geographic isolation (rurality) of the Census tract	**	**	Doogan et al. (2018)
ac_prp_PCPDrive.STD.CMS_flip	The percent of all Medicaid primary care visits For children that meet the access standards (driving time, driving distance) of CMS (reversed)	**	**	Medicaid admin.
ac_prp_BHTDrive.STD.CMS_flip	The percent of all Medicaid behavioral health visits For children that meet the access standards (driving time, driving distance) of CMS (reversed)	**	**	Medicaid admin.
ac_z_SchoolDist	Standardized distance to nearest elementary school	**	**	CURA

3.5 Education

3.5.1 Univariate description

Variable	Label	Stats / Values	Freqs (% of Valid)	Missing
ed_pct_dropout [numeric]	Percent youth who have dropped out	Mean (sd) : 4.44 (9.17) min < med < max: 0 < 0 < 100 IQR (CV) : 5.47 (2.07)	990 distinct values	24 (0.813%)
ed_pct_lessthanhs [numeric]	Percent of adults in the tract with < HS education	Mean (sd) : 11.56 (8.16) min < med < max: 0 < 9.71 < 67.84 IQR (CV) : 9.48 (0.71)	2922 distinct values	12 (0.407%)
ed_pct_NotEnrolled [numeric]	Percent of youth (age 5-17) not enrolled in school	Mean (sd) : 0.03 (0.04) min < med < max: 0 < 0.02 < 0.46 IQR (CV) : 0.05 (1.29)	1919 distinct values	18 (0.61%)
ed_prp_3rdReading [numeric]	proportion of children not meeting third grade reading standards	Mean (sd) : 0.07 (0.08) min < med < max: 0 < 0.04 < 0.5 IQR (CV) : 0.09 (1.13)	2186 distinct values	34 (1.152%)
ed_z_freelunch_flip [numeric]	free lunch distribution (reversed)	Mean (sd) : 0 (1) min < med < max: -2.13 < -0.08 < 1.96 IQR (CV) : 1.42 (18163257.28)	2224 distinct values	4 (0.136%)
ed_z_gradrate_flip [numeric]	Graduation rate (reversed)	Mean (sd) : 0 (1) min < med < max: -1.42 < -0.32 < 3.77 IQR (CV) : 1.18 (-1362543914.28)	508 distinct values	4 (0.136%)
ed_z_performindex_flip [numeric]	School performance index (reversed)	Mean (sd) : 0 (1) min < med < max: -1.86 < -0.3 < 4.09 IQR (CV) : 1.51 (-19871950.07)	2335 distinct values	4 (0.136%)
ed_z_valueindex_flip [numeric]	School’s value add (reversed)	Mean (sd) : 0 (1) min < med < max: -4.43 < 0.04 < 4.47 IQR (CV) : 1.26 (-22297646.6)	2262 distinct values	4 (0.136%)

3.5.2 Correlation heatmap

3.5.3 Choropleth maps

3.5.3.1 ed_pct_dropout

3.5.3.2 ed_pct_lessthanhs

3.5.3.3 ed_pct_NotEnrolled

3.5.3.4 ed_prp_3rdReading

3.5.3.5 ed_z_freelunch_flip

3.5.3.6 ed_z_gradrate_flip

3.5.3.7 ed_z_performindex_flip

3.5.3.8 ed_z_valueindex_flip

3.5.4 Time period availability of measures

variable	description	2010-2014	2013-2017	source
ed_pct_dropout	Percent youth who have dropped out	**	**	ACS
ed_pct_lessthanhs	Percent of adults in the tract with < HS education	**	**	ACS
ed_pct_NotEnrolled	Percent of youth (age 5-17) not enrolled in school	**	**	ACS
ed_z_freelunch_flip	free lunch distribution (reversed)	**	**	ACS
ed_z_gradrate_flip	Graduation rate (reversed)	**	**	ACS
ed_z_performindex_flip	School performance index (reversed)	**	**	ODE
ed_z_valueindex_flip	School’s value add (reversed)	**	**	ODE
ed_prp_3rdReading	proportion of children not meeting third grade reading standards	**	**	?

3.6 Housing

3.6.1 Univariate description

Variable	Label	Stats / Values	Freqs (% of Valid)	Missing
hs_pct_home50pct [numeric]	% putting 50 percent of income towards mortgage	Mean (sd) : 8.06 (5.42) min < med < max: 0 < 7.06 < 100 IQR (CV) : 4.98 (0.67)	2728 distinct values	25 (0.847%)
hs_pct_overcrowd1 [numeric]	% households w/ >1 person/room	Mean (sd) : 1.43 (1.95) min < med < max: 0 < 0.81 < 32.86 IQR (CV) : 2.09 (1.37)	1947 distinct values	13 (0.44%)
hs_pct_rent50pct [numeric]	% putting 50 percent of income towards rent	Mean (sd) : 20.62 (11.71) min < med < max: 0 < 19.42 < 100 IQR (CV) : 15.28 (0.57)	2646 distinct values	15 (0.508%)
hs_pct_renter [numeric]	% tract pop renting	Mean (sd) : 36.31 (21.74) min < med < max: 0 < 32.55 < 100 IQR (CV) : 32.32 (0.6)	2917 distinct values	13 (0.44%)
hs_pct_restenureless1yr [numeric]	% tract pop not living in same housing unit for >=1yr	Mean (sd) : 15.62 (9.73) min < med < max: 1.11 < 13.64 < 100 IQR (CV) : 10.24 (0.62)	2941 distinct values	11 (0.373%)
hs_pct_vacant [numeric]	% housing units identified as vacant (incl for rent and for sale)	Mean (sd) : 11.45 (8.87) min < med < max: 0 < 9.01 < 82.61 IQR (CV) : 9.01 (0.77)	2871 distinct values	13 (0.44%)
hs_rate_eviction [numeric]	rate of evictions among renters	Mean (sd) : 3.31 (2.71) min < med < max: 0 < 2.5 < 25 IQR (CV) : 3.14 (0.82)	1821 distinct values	4 (0.136%)

3.6.2 Correlation heatmap

3.6.3 Choropleth maps

3.6.3.1 hs_pct_home50pct

3.6.3.2 hs_pct_overcrowd1

3.6.3.3 hs_pct_rent50pct

3.6.3.4 hs_pct_renter

3.6.3.5 hs_pct_restenureless1yr

3.6.3.6 hs_pct_vacant

3.6.3.7 hs_rate_eviction

3.6.4 Time period availability of measures

variable	description	2010-2014	2013-2017	source
hs_pct_home50pct	% putting 50 percent of income towards mortgage	**	**	ACS
hs_pct_overcrowd1	% households w/ >1 person/room	**	**	ACS
hs_pct_rent50pct	% putting 50 percent of income towards rent	**	**	ACS
hs_pct_renter	% tract pop renting	**	**	ACS
hs_pct_restenureless1yr	% tract pop not living in same housing unit for >=1yr	**	**	ACS
hs_pct_vacant	% housing units identified as vacant (incl for rent and for sale)	**	**	ACS
hs_rate_eviction	rate of evictions among renters	**	**	Eviction Lab

3.7 Environment

3.7.1 Univariate description

Variable	Label	Stats / Values	Freqs (% of Valid)	Missing
en_avg_pm25 [numeric]	annual average of daily pm25 measurements (micrograms/cubic meter)	Mean (sd) : 11.39 (0.48) min < med < max: 9.78 < 11.51 < 12.21 IQR (CV) : 0.66 (0.04)	2945 distinct values	6 (0.203%)
en_cnt_retailers.75 [integer]	count of tobacco retail outlets within a 3/4 mile buffered tract boundary	Mean (sd) : 17.49 (11.21) min < med < max: 0 < 16 < 74 IQR (CV) : 14 (0.64)	70 distinct values	4 (0.136%)
en_idx_ehhi_flip [integer]	Environmental Health Hazard Index (air quality): carcinogenic, respiratory, and neurological hazards (reversed)	Mean (sd) : 57.95 (28.6) min < med < max: 8 < 58 < 100 IQR (CV) : 47 (0.49)	93 distinct values	3 (0.102%)
en_pct_nogreen [numeric]	% of tract land area not covered by vegetation	Mean (sd) : 64.54 (35.48) min < med < max: 3.6 < 78.63 < 100 IQR (CV) : 71 (0.55)	2395 distinct values	6 (0.203%)
en_pct_opendev [numeric]	% of tract land area covered by open development (pavement/parking/etc)	Mean (sd) : 0.16 (0.12) min < med < max: 0 < 0.14 < 0.69 IQR (CV) : 0.18 (0.71)	2935 distinct values	6 (0.203%)
en_pct_pre1980 [numeric]	% of housing units constructed prior to 1980	Mean (sd) : 71.26 (22.36) min < med < max: 0 < 74.77 < 100 IQR (CV) : 33.5 (0.31)	2902 distinct values	13 (0.44%)

3.7.2 Correlation heatmap

3.7.3 Choropleth maps

3.7.3.1 en_avg_pm25

3.7.3.2 en_cnt_retailers.75

3.7.3.3 en_idx_ehhi_flip

3.7.3.4 en_pct_nogreen

3.7.3.5 en_pct_opendev

3.7.3.6 en_pct_pre1980

3.7.4 Time period availability of measures

variable	description	2010-2014	2013-2017	source
en_avg_pm25	annual average of daily pm25 measurements (micrograms/cubic meter)	**	**	EPA
en_idx_ehhi_flip	Environmental Health Hazard Index (air quality): carcinogenic, respiratory, and neurological hazards (reversed)	**	**	HUD
en_pct_nogreen	% of tract land area not covered by vegetation	**	**	NHGIS
en_pct_opendev	% of tract land area covered by open development (pavement/parking/etc)	**	**	NHGIS
en_pct_pre1980	% of housing units constructed prior to 1980	**	**	ACS
en_cnt_retailers.75	count of tobacco retail outlets within a 3/4 mile buffered tract boundary	**	**	Burgoon et al. (2019)
en_hab	Harmful Algal Blooms	**	**	NOAA
en_trap	Traffic-Related Air Pollution	**	**	EPA

3.8 Criminal Justice

3.8.1 Univariate description

Variable	Label	Stats / Values	Freqs (% of Valid)	Missing
cr_rate_burg_larc_mvtheft [numeric]	The average number of burglary, larceny-theft, and motor-vehicle theft incidents per person reported to police each year during the period 2017-2018	Mean (sd) : 0.02 (0.04) min < med < max: 0 < 0.01 < 0.73 IQR (CV) : 0.03 (1.52)	2649 distinct values	154 (5.217%)
cr_rate_drug [numeric]	The average number of drug crime incidents per person reported to police each year during the period 2017-2018	Mean (sd) : 0.01 (0.02) min < med < max: 0 < 0 < 0.36 IQR (CV) : 0.01 (2.23)	2422 distinct values	154 (5.217%)
cr_rate_drunk_dui [numeric]	The average number of drunkenness and driving under the influence incidents per person reported to police each year during the period 2017-2018	Mean (sd) : 0.01 (0.02) min < med < max: 0 < 0.01 < 0.57 IQR (CV) : 0.01 (1.72)	2629 distinct values	154 (5.217%)
cr_rate_homic_assault [numeric]	The average number of homicide, assault, and sexual assault incidents per person reported to police each year during the period 2017-2018	Mean (sd) : 0.02 (0.03) min < med < max: 0 < 0.01 < 0.87 IQR (CV) : 0.02 (1.94)	2488 distinct values	154 (5.217%)
cr_rate_robbery [numeric]	The average number of robbery incidents per person reported to police each year during the period 2017-2018	Mean (sd) : 0 (0) min < med < max: 0 < 0 < 0.17 IQR (CV) : 0 (3.54)	1655 distinct values	154 (5.217%)

3.8.2 Correlation heatmap

3.8.3 Choropleth maps

3.8.3.1 cr_rate_burg_larc_mvtheft

3.8.3.2 cr_rate_drug

3.8.3.3 cr_rate_drunk_dui

3.8.3.4 cr_rate_homic_assault

3.8.3.5 cr_rate_robbery

3.8.4 Time period availability of measures

variable	description	2010-2014	2013-2017	source
cr_rate_homic_assault	The average number of homicide, assault, and sexual assault incidents per person reported to police each year during the period 2017-2018	**	**	OIBRS
cr_rate_robbery	The average number of robbery incidents per person reported to police each year during the period 2017-2018	**	**	OIBRS
cr_rate_burg_larc_mvtheft	The average number of burglary, larceny-theft, and motor-vehicle theft incidents per person reported to police each year during the period 2017-2018	**	**	OIBRS
cr_rate_drunk_dui	The average number of drunkenness and driving under the influence incidents per person reported to police each year during the period 2017-2018	**	**	OIBRS
cr_rate_drug	The average number of drug crime incidents per person reported to police each year during the period 2017-2018	**	**	OIBRS

3.9 All Domains

3.9.1 Correlation heatmap

3.9.2 Time period availability of measures

variable	description	2010-2014	2013-2017	source
ac_idx_ltci_flip	Low Transportation Cost Index: transportation expenses for a 3-person single-parent family with income at 50% of the median income for renters in the region (reversed)	**	**	HUD
ac_pct_farsupermarket	% tract population who are >1mi (urban tracts) or >10mi (non-urban tracts) from the nearest supermarket	**	**	USDA-ERS
ac_pct_novehicle	% occupied housing units in tract without a vehicle	**	**	ACS
ac_z_geoiso	geographic isolation (rurality) of the Census tract	**	**	Doogan et al. (2018)
ac_prp_PCPDrive.STD.CMS_flip	The percent of all Medicaid primary care visits For children that meet the access standards (driving time, driving distance) of CMS (reversed)	**	**	Medicaid admin.
ac_prp_BHTDrive.STD.CMS_flip	The percent of all Medicaid behavioral health visits For children that meet the access standards (driving time, driving distance) of CMS (reversed)	**	**	Medicaid admin.
ac_z_SchoolDist	Standardized distance to nearest elementary school	**	**	CURA
cr_rate_homic_assault	The average number of homicide, assault, and sexual assault incidents per person reported to police each year during the period 2017-2018	**	**	OIBRS
cr_rate_robbery	The average number of robbery incidents per person reported to police each year during the period 2017-2018	**	**	OIBRS
cr_rate_burg_larc_mvtheft	The average number of burglary, larceny-theft, and motor-vehicle theft incidents per person reported to police each year during the period 2017-2018	**	**	OIBRS
cr_rate_drunk_dui	The average number of drunkenness and driving under the influence incidents per person reported to police each year during the period 2017-2018	**	**	OIBRS
cr_rate_drug	The average number of drug crime incidents per person reported to police each year during the period 2017-2018	**	**	OIBRS
ed_pct_dropout	Percent youth who have dropped out	**	**	ACS
ed_pct_lessthanhs	Percent of adults in the tract with < HS education	**	**	ACS
ed_pct_NotEnrolled	Percent of youth (age 5-17) not enrolled in school	**	**	ACS
ed_z_freelunch_flip	free lunch distribution (reversed)	**	**	ACS
ed_z_gradrate_flip	Graduation rate (reversed)	**	**	ACS
ed_z_performindex_flip	School performance index (reversed)	**	**	ODE
ed_z_valueindex_flip	School’s value add (reversed)	**	**	ODE
ed_prp_3rdReading	proportion of children not meeting third grade reading standards	**	**	?
en_avg_pm25	annual average of daily pm25 measurements (micrograms/cubic meter)	**	**	EPA
en_idx_ehhi_flip	Environmental Health Hazard Index (air quality): carcinogenic, respiratory, and neurological hazards (reversed)	**	**	HUD
en_pct_nogreen	% of tract land area not covered by vegetation	**	**	NHGIS
en_pct_opendev	% of tract land area covered by open development (pavement/parking/etc)	**	**	NHGIS
en_pct_pre1980	% of housing units constructed prior to 1980	**	**	ACS
en_cnt_retailers.75	count of tobacco retail outlets within a 3/4 mile buffered tract boundary	**	**	Burgoon et al. (2019)
en_hab	Harmful Algal Blooms	**	**	NOAA
en_trap	Traffic-Related Air Pollution	**	**	EPA
fs_prp_parentsmi	proportion of parents enrolled in Medicaid with a primary SMI diagnosis	**	**	Medicaid admin.
fs_prp_ChdrnPov	Proportion of children living in a household with below-poverty income	**	**	ACS
fs_prp_NoPat	No paternal involvement: Proportion of births that include no father’s first/middle/last name	**	**	VS Births
fs_prp_ParentSUD	Proportion of families with a parent served by Medicaid who has an SUD diagnosis	**	**	Medicaid admin.
fs_idx_lmei_flip	Labor Market Engagement Index (HUD): composite of employment level labor force participation, and higher education (reversed)	**	**	HUD
hl.inf_prp_w15_sixplus_flip	Proportion of Medicaid children meeting continuous enrollment criteria with six or more well-child visits with a PCP in first 15 months of life (reversed)	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.inf_prp_im	Proportion of births that resulted in an infant mortality	**	**	VS Births, Deaths
hl.inf_prp_nas	Medicaid-enrolled infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.inf_prp_nicu	Medicaid-enrolled infants with NICU stay	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.inf_prp_ptb	Proportion of infants born preterm	**	**	VS Births
hl.inf_prp_wrasmm	Proportion of infants born to Medicaid-enrolled women with severe maternal morbidity	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.inf_prp_injury	Proportion of Medicaid infants who had an injury or poisoning in the first year of life	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.1to5_prp_ddelay	Proportion of Medicaid-enrolled children ages 1-5 with a diagnosis of developmental delay including sight and hearing impairment	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.1to5_prp_w34_flip	Proportion of Medicaid children age 3-6 meeting continuous enrollment criteria with one or more well-child visits with a PCP (reversed)	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.6to17_prp_asthma	Proportion of Medicaid-enrolled children ages 6-17 with a diagnosis of asthma	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.6to17_prp_childsmi	Proportion of Medicaid-enrolled children ages 6-17 with a diagnosis of mental illness	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.6to17_prp_obese	Proportion of Medicaid-enrolled children ages 6-17 with a diagnosis of obesity	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.6to17_prp_ddisab	Proportion of Medicaid enrolled children ages 6-17 with a diagnosis of a developmental disability	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.6to17_prp_diabetes	Proportion of Medicaid enrolled children ages 6-17 with a diagnosis of diabetes	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hl.6to17_prp_psychrx	Proportion of Medicaid enrolled children ages 6-17 who received psychotropic BH medication	**	**	Medicaid admin.
hs_pct_home50pct	% putting 50 percent of income towards mortgage	**	**	ACS
hs_pct_overcrowd1	% households w/ >1 person/room	**	**	ACS
hs_pct_rent50pct	% putting 50 percent of income towards rent	**	**	ACS
hs_pct_renter	% tract pop renting	**	**	ACS
hs_pct_restenureless1yr	% tract pop not living in same housing unit for >=1yr	**	**	ACS
hs_pct_vacant	% housing units identified as vacant (incl for rent and for sale)	**	**	ACS
hs_rate_eviction	rate of evictions among renters	**	**	Eviction Lab

Appendix A: Ohio Children’s Opportunity Index (OCOI) Constituent Measures Descriptions